Kampung Admiralty / Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl + WOHA. Image Courtesy of WOHA

亚洲的花园城市运动：演变与现代遗产
The Garden City Movement in Asia: Evolution and Modern Legacies

由专筑网Zia，小R编译

埃比尼泽·霍华德（Ebenezer Howard）关于城市绿色的愿景在向东方传播的过程中，其影响力远超英国。20世纪初，城市规划界将花园城市运动视为良好设计的倡导者——这是对西方工业化城市的回应。很快，亚洲城市开始构思自己的模式，在气候和密度等本地限制条件下寻求平衡。从殖民时期的实验到当代的巨型城市实践，到21世纪，设计与发展始终不断秉承并重新诠释着霍华德的愿景。

在《明日——真正改革的和平之路》一书中，霍华德提出了建立由3万居民组成的自给自足社区的构想，这些社区被农业绿带环绕，旨在融合城市与乡村生活的优势。他的愿景明确提出了控制增长、社会改革与环境和谐的原则，这些理念后来对面临快速城市化的亚洲规划者产生了深远影响。

Ebenezer Howard's verdant visions for cities have spread eastwards, far beyond his British roots. In the 1900s, city planning welcomed the Garden City Movement as a champion of good design - a response to Western industrial urbanization. Soon, Asian cities conceived their archetypes, juggling local constraints in climate and density. Designs and development, from colonial-era experiments to contemporary mega-projects, have embraced and reinvented Howard's vision well into the 21st century.
In "To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform", Howard proposed self-contained communities of 30,000 residents surrounded by agricultural green belts to integrate the benefits of city and country living. His vision articulated controlled growth, social reform, and environmental harmony. These principles would go on to resonate deeply with Asian planners facing rapid urbanization.

Chengdu's Green Vision. Image © City of Chengdu

然而，亚洲特有的城市挑战不得不对理论进行调整。密集的人口、热带气候、季风模式以及后殖民时期的国家建设，造就了与霍华德所处的英国乡村截然不同的环境。该运动在亚洲的演变，反映了西方规划理念与本地现实之间持续的博弈，孕育出至今仍影响全球规划对话的理念。


殖民地与早期适应

英国殖民政府官员首批将花园城市理念引入亚洲，尽管其举措往往仅服务于殖民利益。在香港，殖民政府规划了如太平山地区等有计划的社区，融入了宽敞的绿地和受控的开发模式。吉隆坡的殖民地规划将花园城市元素与热带建筑风格相结合，打造了绿树成荫的林荫大道和住宅区，实现了城市便利与自然降温的平衡。

早期实践为国家主导的规划和综合发展奠定了先例，这些先例后来对独立后的亚洲政府产生了深远影响。这些实践还揭示了该运动强化社会等级制度的倾向，因为花园城市区域常常成为殖民地官员和本地富人的专属社区。

Asia's bespoke urban challenges, however, demanded adaptations. Dense populations, tropical climates, monsoon patterns, and post-colonial nation-building created contexts vastly different from Howard's English countryside. The movement's evolution in Asia mirrors ongoing negotiations between Western planning ideals and local realities, birthing ideas that continue to inform global planning dialogues.

Colonial Foundations and Early Adaptations
British colonial administrators were among the first to transplant garden city principles to Asia, though often serving only colonial interests. In Hong Kong, the government developed planned communities like the Peak District, incorporating generous green spaces and controlled development patterns. Kuala Lumpur's colonial planning integrated garden city elements with tropical architecture, creating tree-lined avenues and residential areas that balanced urban convenience with natural cooling.
Early applications established precedents for state-led planning and comprehensive development that would later influence post-independence Asian governments. They also unearthed the movement's tendency to reinforce social hierarchies, as garden city areas often became exclusive enclaves for colonial administrators and wealthy locals.

Howard's diagram illustrating the Garden City concept. Image via Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) - originally published in "Garden Cities of tomorrow", Sonnenschein publishing, 1902

Chandigarh Urban Plan. Image Courtesy of Chandigarh Urban Lab, University of Washington on Google Earth original

勒·柯布西耶为印度昌迪加尔设计的城市规划，是在印度与巴基斯坦分治后，作为旁遮普邦新首府而制定的。昌迪加尔象征着新独立的印度对现代主义的追求，同时融入了霍华德关于绿地和控制性增长的原则。

该市的分区式网格规划构成自成一体的社区，每个社区都配备了必要的设施。宽敞的公园和周边绿带的概念适应了当地的具体情况。昌迪加尔在保持其规划特色的同时，成功地适应了城市发展，使其成为亚洲后续新城镇的典范。


从花园城市到花园中的城市

新加坡从20世纪60年代的“花园城市”转型为今天的“花园中的城市”，体现了亚洲对霍华德原则的接受度。面对严峻的土地资源限制和热带气候挑战，新加坡通过发展高密度解决方案，成功保留了广泛的绿色基础设施。

Le Corbusier's urban plan for Chandigarh, India was designed as Punjab's new capital after the partition of India and Pakistan. Chandigarh symbolized a newly independent India's modernist aspirations while incorporating Howard's principles on green spaces and controlled growth.
The city's sector-based grid plan sets forth self-contained neighborhoods, each with facilities. Generous parks and the surrounding Shivalik Hills adapted the green belt concept to the local context. Chandigarh's success in maintaining its planned character while accommodating growth has made it a reference point for subsequent Asian new towns.

From Garden City to City in a Garden
Singapore's transformation from a "garden city" in the 1960s to a "City in a Garden" today expresses Asia's original adoption of Howard's principles. Facing severe land constraints and tropical climate challenges, Singapore developed high-density solutions that maintained extensive green infrastructure.

Jewel Changi Airport / Safdie Architects. Image Courtesy of Safdie Architects

新加坡的城市规划理念与运动倡导的低密度模式大相径庭，转而打造垂直花园、公园连接通道及一体化绿色建筑系统。政府主导的开发模式实现了私人市场难以企及的整体规划。此外，强制性绿色建筑标准与城市造林计划共同构建了高密度花园城市模式，成为应对本地环境条件独具一格的解决方案。

中国快速的城市化进程催生了具有前瞻性的花园城市模式。成都的环城绿带和卫星城市展现了霍华德的愿景如何向外扩展，并巧妙地适应了大都市的规模。现已发展出多个通过绿色走廊连接的卫星城镇，形成了一种多中心城市结构，既管理城市增长又保护农业和自然区域。成都的模式将传统中国园林设计原则与现代生态规划相结合。

The city-state's approach perged significantly from the movement's low-density model to create vertical gardens, park connectors, and integrated green building systems. State-led development enabled comprehensive planning that private markets alone could not achieve. Additionally, mandatory green building standards and urban reforestation programs created a high-density garden city model, appearing as a one-of-a-kind response to local conditions.
China's rapid urbanization has produced visionary garden city initiatives. Chengdu's green belt and satellite city reveal how Howard's vision can ripple outward, adapting tactfully to the scale of the metropolis. The city has developed multiple satellite towns connected by green corridors, creating a polycentric urban structure that manages growth while preserving agricultural and natural areas. Chengdu's model incorporates traditional Chinese garden design principles with modern ecological planning.

Tree plantation in Nusantara . Image Courtesy of BPMI President's Secretariat/Muchlis Jr

印度尼西亚计划中的新首都努桑塔拉位于东加里曼丹省，该城市设计可容纳150万居民，同时保持65%的森林覆盖率。努桑塔拉致力于实现霍华德关于平衡城市发展与环境保护的愿景。该项目以可持续性为根本，推动创新技术应用，采用绿色基础设施，并与自然环境的节奏相协调。

Indonesia's planned new capital, Nusantara in East Kalimantan, is designed to accommodate 1.5 million residents while maintaining 65% forest cover, Nusantara attempts to realize Howard's vision of balancing urban development with environmental preservation. Rooted in sustainability, the project advances innovative technologies, embraces green infrastructure, and aligns itself with the rhythms of the natural environment.


为高密度设计

Benjakitti Forest / Turenscape. Image © Srirath Somsawat

亚洲花园城市规划面临的最大挑战可能是密度悖论——霍华德提出的低密度愿景与亚洲对高密度解决方案的需求之间的矛盾。花园城市的原始模型假设了土地充裕和适度的人口增长，而这些条件在当代亚洲城市中极为罕见。

亚洲规划师们对这一挑战做出了富有创意的回应。新加坡的垂直绿化和空中花园将自然引入高层住宅，而香港新建地区则将高密度住房与广阔的公园绿地相结合。日本的新市镇如多摩市示范了如何将花园城市原则适应于创建宜居的高密度环境，尽管它们也表达了其中存在的挑战，包括老龄化人口和社会孤立。密度悖论推动了亚洲绿色建筑设计的创新。

在亚洲，政府主导的发展模式在实现花园城市愿景方面比私人市场更为有效，尽管公众参与和社会公平仍是不容忽视的挑战，但气候响应型设计至关重要，本地化适应是关键。

Designing for Density
Potentially the most pressing issue confronting garden city applications in Asia is the density paradox – the tension between Howard's low-density vision and Asia's need for high-density solutions. The original model of the garden city assumed land abundance and moderate population growth, conditions rarely found in contemporary Asian cities.
Asian planners have responded creatively to this challenge. Singapore's vertical greening and sky gardens bring nature to high-rise living, while Hong Kong's new towns integrate dense housing with extensive parklands. Japanese new towns like Tama demonstrate how garden city principles can be adapted to create livable high-density environments, though they also reveal challenges, including aging populations and social isolation. The density paradox has driven innovation in green building design in Asia.
In Asia, state-led development has proven more effective than private markets in the implementation of garden city visions, though public participation and social equity remain persistent hurdles to cross. Climate-responsive design is fundamental; local adaptation is the key.

Shanghai Greenland Center / Nikken Sekkei. Image © Yang Min

该运动在亚洲的实践案例展现了在营造宜居城市环境方面的成功，同时也暴露出一些局限性，这些局限性表现为加剧的空间不平等以及在解决住房可负担性问题上的挫折。未来应用应认识到亚洲城市景观中存在的社会维度，同时努力在密度管理方面进行创新。

亚洲城市正面临气候变化与人口增长的双重压力。花园城市原则为可扩展的城市发展提供了可行路径。亚洲的案例表明，将成功的城市规划原则适应本地环境与挑战至关重要。

The movement's episodes in Asia reveal successes in creating livable urban environments, along with limitations that manifest as reinforced spatial inequalities and failures in addressing affordability concerns. Future applications ought to acknowledge the social dimensions that characterize Asian landscapes while striving to innovate for density management.
Asian cities face dual pressures from climate change and population growth. Garden city principles open a relevant avenue for scalable urban development. The examples from Asia highlight the importance of adapting successful urban planning principles to local contexts and challenges.

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